The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) created the requirement for a legally enforceable affidavit of support to reduce the potential for an intending immigrant to become a public charge. [1] When required, the applicant must submit an Affidavit of Support Under Section 213A of the INA (Form I-864 or Form I-864EZ) [2] completed by a sponsor.
Form I-864 [3] is a legally enforceable contract that a U.S. citizen, U.S. national, or lawful permanent resident (LPR) signs to accept financial responsibility for a noncitizen, usually a relative, who is coming to the United States to live permanently. Form I-864 [4] is legally binding and requires a sponsor to maintain the applicant at an annual income of no less than 125 percent of the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG). [5] The U.S. citizen, U.S. national, or LPR who signs the Form I-864 becomes the immigrant’s sponsor once the applicant becomes an LPR.
For Form I-864 to be sufficient, a sponsor generally must demonstrate that the sponsor is able to maintain the sponsored noncitizen at an annual income of not less than 125 percent of the FPG. [6] The presence of a sufficient Form I-864 does not eliminate the need to consider all of the factors of a public charge inadmissibility determination, and USCIS only considers it as one factor in the totality of the circumstances. [7] However, the statute requires a finding of inadmissibility on the public charge ground if the noncitizen is required to submit an affidavit of support and fails to do so. [8]
The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) outlines which noncitizens are required to submit a legally enforceable Form I-864. [9] Most noncitizens intending to immigrate or to adjust status as immediate relatives or the family-sponsored preference categories, and in certain employment-based categories after December 19, 1997, are required to submit Form I-864 signed by a sponsor. [10]
Noncitizens required to submit an Affidavit of Support Under Section 213A of the INA, and who are not otherwise exempt, are inadmissible on the public charge ground if they do not submit a sufficient Form I-864. [11]
In general, most noncitizens applying for an immigrant visa or adjustment of status based on a family relationship are required to submit Form I-864. The following table outlines categories of applicants by immigrant category who must submit Form I-864 unless otherwise exempt:
Immediate Relatives and Family-Sponsored Preference Immigrants
Immediate Relatives of U.S. Citizens
U.S. citizens’ parents, spouses, and unmarried children under the age of 21, including most orphans and Hague Convention adoptees [12]
First Preference
Unmarried sons and daughters of U.S. citizens who are 21 years of age or older, including their unmarried children [13]
Second Preference
Spouses, children, and unmarried sons and daughters of LPRs, including their unmarried children [14]
Third Preference
Married sons and married daughters of U.S. citizens, including their spouses and unmarried children [15]
Fourth Preference
Brothers and sisters of adult U.S. citizens, including their spouses and unmarried minor children [16]
All of these applicants are required to submit Form I-864, unless exempt from the requirement.
In general, most noncitizens applying for an employment-based immigrant visa or adjustment of status are not required to file Form I-864. [17] Applicants seeking LPR status based on an employment-based petition are required to file Form I-864 if:
These applicants are required to file Form I-864 unless an exception applies.
Principal K nonimmigrants [21] seeking adjustment of status must submit Form I-864. [22] This requirement also applies to a noncitizen who seeks adjustment after having been admitted as the child of a principal K nonimmigrant.
Any applicant for adjustment of status based on a K nonimmigrant visa must submit a Form I-864 at the time of adjustment of status. Termination of the marriage between the K-1 beneficiary and the petitioner does not end the K-1 nonimmigrant’s eligibility for adjustment. [23]
A former spouse can still be the sponsor who submits the Form I-864 for a K-1 and a K-2 nonimmigrant to adjust status. However, if the former spouse does not submit the Form I-864, or timely withdraws one already submitted, the K-1 and K-2 nonimmigrants are inadmissible based on the public charge ground unless an exception applies. [24]
A spouse or child is considered to be accompanying a principal immigrant if:
If the principal applicant is required to have a Form I-864, then any accompanying spouse or child must also be included on that affidavit of support. To meet the requirement, the accompanying spouse or child must submit a photocopy of the principal applicant’s Form I-864. A photocopy of the principal’s supporting documentation, [25] however, is not required.
When a spouse or a child of a principal applicant applies for an immigrant visa or adjustment of status 6 months or more after the principal immigrant, the spouse or child is considered to be following-to-join the principal.
If the principal applicant is required to have a Form I-864, then the following-to-join spouse or child must also have a Form I-864. Each following-to-join spouse or child requires a Form I-864, independent of the principal applicant’s Form I-864, at the time of adjustment of status or consular processing. [26]
In general, INA 212(a)(4)(E) provides that the following provisions do not apply to “qualified alien” victims:
A “qualified alien” victim [30] includes:
When Congress created the current version of INA 212(a)(4)(E), it did not exempt qualified “alien victims” from the requirements under INA 212(a)(4)(D). INA 212(a)(4)(D) makes a noncitizen inadmissible on public charge in employment-based cases, [33] unless the noncitizen has a properly executed Form I-864 from the noncitizen’s relative if: [34]
If the qualified “alien victim” files for adjustment of status under an employment-based category and their petitioning employer meets the above circumstances but does not submit a sufficient Form I-864, [35] then the noncitizen is inadmissible on the public charge ground.
Certain applicants are not statutorily required to submit a Form I-864. Other applicants, although generally required to file a Form I-864, may be exempt from this requirement. Being exempt from the Form I-864 requirement is different from being exempt from the public charge inadmissibility ground. [36]
An officer still makes an inadmissibility determination for an applicant who is exempt from the Form I-864 filing requirement unless the noncitizen is also exempt from the public charge ground of inadmissibility. [37]
Some categories of adjustment of status applicants are exempt from the Form I-864 requirement but must submit a Request for Exemption for Intending Immigrant’s Affidavit of Support (Form I-864W), with their adjustment of status application to establish that a Form I-864 is not required in their case. [38]
These categories include children of U.S. citizens who will automatically become U.S. citizens under the Child Citizenship Act of 2000 (PDF) (CCA) [39] upon their admission to the United States, self-petitioning widows and widowers of U.S. citizens, and self-petitioning battered spouses and children. Applicants who have earned (or can be credited with) 40 quarters (credits) of coverage under the Social Security Act (PDF) may also file Form I-864W to establish that a Form I-864 is not required in their case. [40]
Certain Children of U.S. Citizens
Under the CCA, children born abroad to U.S. citizens may automatically acquire U.S. citizenship if, before their 18th birthday, are residing in the United States in the legal and physical custody of the U.S. citizen parent pursuant to an admission as an immigrant or adjustment of status to that of an LPR. [41] If qualified for automatic acquisition of citizenship, the child is exempt from the Form I-864 requirement. [42]
The CCA has specific provisions for noncitizen children adopted by U.S. citizens. A noncitizen child adopted by U.S. citizens, such as orphans or Hague Adoptees (IR-3 or IH-3 classifications) automatically acquires U.S. citizenship if the child enters the United States before the child’s 18th birthday and resides with the U.S. citizen parent. [43] Therefore, these children are exempt from the affidavit of support requirement.
However, this exception does not apply if:
Certain Self-Petitioning Immigrants
The following self-petitioning immigrants are exempt from the Form I-864 requirement:
Applicants Who Have Earned or Can be Credited with 40 Qualifying Quarters of Work
A noncitizen who has earned or can be credited with 40 qualifying quarters (credits) of work in the United States under the Social Security Act (PDF) (SSA) is exempt from the requirement to file a Form I-864 . [49] A quarter, as defined by the Social Security Administration, is a period of 3 calendar months ending on March 31, June 30, September 30, or December 31. [50]
A noncitizen can acquire 40 qualifying quarters through any of the following circumstances:
Since 1978, quarters are based on total wages and self-employment income earned during the year, regardless of the months during the year the actual work was performed. An applicant can earn all four credits for the year in less time if the applicant earns the required income.
For example, in 2014, a person must have earned $1,200 in covered earnings to earn one Social Security or Medicare work credit and $4,800 to earn the maximum four credits for the year. A person who earned $4,800 in 2014 earned all four credits for the year regardless of how long that year it took to earn the income.
An officer does not need to calculate an applicant’s quarters. Applicants who claim they can be credited with sufficient quarters of coverage must submit official Social Security records to support the claim. [55]
Any applicant for adjustment of status who filed an Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status (Form I-485) before December 19, 1997 is exempt from the requirement to file an Affidavit of Support Under Section 213A of the INA. [56] The exemption is dependent on the filing date and applies even if USCIS conducts the interview or adjudicates the case after that date.
The following are categories of immigrants who are not required to file an Affidavit of Support Under Section 213A of the INA with Form I-485, but who are subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility: [57]
The following are categories of immigrants not required to file an Affidavit of Support Under Section 213A of the INA with Form I-485, and who are not subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility:
Under the statute, the minimum income the sponsor must demonstrate for a Form I-864 to be deemed sufficient is generally 125 percent of the FPG [93] based on the sponsor’s household size. [94]
Sponsored immigrants [95] are considered less likely to turn to the government first for financial support because they can and have been known to successfully enforce the statutory requirement that sponsors provide financial support to the sponsored immigrant at the level required by statute for the period the obligation is in effect. [96] Therefore, USCIS will favorably consider a sufficient Affidavit of Support Under Section 213A of the INA, when required, in making a public charge inadmissibility determination. [97]
Additionally, federal and state deeming provisions reduce the likelihood that a sponsored noncitizen would be eligible for a means-tested benefit, and therefore, less likely to become primarily dependent on the government for subsistence at any time in the future. [98] Therefore, a sufficient Form I-864 is a positive consideration in the totality of the circumstances. However, a sufficient Form I-864 does not, alone, result in a finding that a noncitizen is not inadmissible under the public charge ground due to the statute’s requirement to consider the statutory minimum factors. [99]
[^ 1] See Title V, Subtitle C of Pub. L. 104-208 (PDF), 110 Stat. 3009, 3009-675 (September 30, 1996).
[^ 2] A sponsor may use Form I-864EZ if the sponsor is the Petition for Alien Relative (Form I-130) petitioner, there is only one beneficiary on the Form I-130 petition, and the income the sponsor is using to qualify is based entirely on the sponsor’s salary or pension and is shown on one or more Forms W-2 provided by the sponsor’s employer(s) or former employer(s). Hereinafter, any references to the Form I-864 also include the Form I-864EZ.
[^ 6] See INA 213A. A sponsor who is on active duty (other than active duty for training) in the U.S. armed forces and who is petitioning for a spouse or child only has to demonstrate the means to maintain an annual income equal to at least 100 percent of the FPG. See 8 CFR 213a.2(c)(2).
[^ 9] See INA 212(a)(4) and INA 213A. A sponsor may use Form I-864EZ if the sponsor is the Form I-130 petitioner, there is only one beneficiary on the Form I-130 petition, and the income the sponsor is using to qualify is based entirely on the sponsor’s salary or pension and is shown on one or more Forms W-2 provided by the sponsor’s employer(s) or former employer(s). Hereinafter, any references to the Form I-864 also include the Form I-864EZ.
[^ 12] See INA 201(b)(2). Certain orphans that become U.S. citizens at time of adjustment of status under INA 320 are exempt from filing Form I-864.
[^ 17] Even though an affidavit of support is not required, an officer still makes a public charge inadmissibility determination when assessing the applicant’s admissibility, unless the applicant is exempt from the public charge ground of inadmissibility.
[^ 18] For employment-based cases, an affidavit of support is required only if the intending immigrant will work for a relative who is eligible to file a Form I-130 petition, on behalf of the intending immigrant. For purposes of the affidavit of support, a relative is defined as a U.S. citizen or LPR who is the intending immigrant’s spouse, parent, child, adult son or daughter; or a U.S. citizen who is the intending immigrant’s brother or sister. See 8 CFR 213a.1.
[^ 19] An entity includes any petitioning for-profit entity such as a business or corporation.
[^ 20] Owning 5 percent or more of an entity constitutes a significant ownership interest. See 8 CFR 213a.1.
[^ 21] This includes a relative who is either a K-1 fiancé(e), a K-3 spouse, or a K-2 or K-4 child of fiancé(e) or spouse. See 8 CFR 213a.2(a)(2)(i)(A).
[^ 22] See 8 CFR 213a.2(a)(2)(i)(A). K nonimmigrants include the fiancé(e)s of U.S. citizens and their accompanying children, spouse of a U.S. citizen and their accompanying minor children, and step-children of U.S. citizens. A child has to be under 21 years of age. See INA 101(b).
[^ 24] See Matter of Song, 27 I&N Dec. 488, 492 (BIA 2018) (noting that the two exceptions to the requirement that the petitioner execute Form I-864 are when the applicant is or was married to an abusive spouse as set forth in INA 204(a)(1)(A)(iii) and INA 204(a)(1)(A)(iv), or when the petitioner died before the adjustment application was adjudicated and the applicant has a qualifying relative execute a Form I-864 as set forth in INA 213A).
[^ 25] Supporting documentation such as federal income tax returns or transcripts, W-2, and employment verification.
[^ 32] See Section 431(b) of PRWORA, Pub. L. 104-193 (PDF), 110 Stat. 2105, 2274 (August 22, 1996).
[^ 36] See Chapter 3, Applicability [8 USCIS-PM G.3].
[^ 37] See 8 CFR 212.23 for exemptions from public charge inadmissibility.
[^ 39] See the Child Citizenship Act of 2000, Pub. L. 106-395 (PDF) (October 30, 2000). See INA 320.
[^ 41] See INA 320. See Volume 12, Citizenship and Naturalization, Part H, Children of U.S. Citizens, Chapter 4, Automatic Acquisition of Citizenship after Birth (INA 320) [12 USCIS-PM H.4].
[^ 42] See INA 320. For more information on children acquiring citizenship under the Child Citizenship Act of 2000, see Volume 12, Citizenship and Naturalization, Part H, Children of U.S. Citizens, Chapter 4, Automatic Acquisition of Citizenship after Birth (INA 320) [12 USCIS-PM H.4].
[^ 43] See the Child Citizenship Act of 2000, Pub. L. 106-395 (PDF) (October 30, 2000).
[^ 44] An IR-4 or IH-4 immigrant becomes a citizen under INA 320 only when the adoption is finalized after admission and all eligibility requirements are met. See the Before Your Child Immigrates to the United States webpage.
[^ 45] The stepchild of a U.S. citizen does not acquire citizenship under INA 320. See Acevedo v. Lynch, 798 F.3d 1167, 1171 (9th Cir. 2015). See Matter of Guzman–Gomez (PDF), 24 I&N Dec. 824 (BIA 2009).
[^ 47] See INA 212(a)(4)(C). See INA 212(a)(4)(E)(i). See Section 804 of the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 (VAWA 2013), Pub. L. 113-4 (PDF), 127 Stat. 54, 111 (March 7, 2013).
[^ 48] See INA 212(a)(4)(C). See INA 212(a)(4)(E)(i). See Section 804 of the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 (VAWA 2013), Pub. L. 113-4 (PDF), 127 Stat. 54, 111 (March 7, 2013).
[^ 49] Qualifying quarter, as defined under Title II of the Social Security Act, is specifically tied to earnings. For more information, see the Social Security Administration's website.
[^ 51] Credits are based on total wages and self-employment income during the year. For more information, see the Social Security Administration's website.
[^ 52] See INA 213A(a)(3)(B). A noncitizen cannot claim credit for any quarter worked by a spouse in which the spouse was receiving federal means-tested public benefits.
[^ 53] See INA 213A(a)(3)(B). A noncitizen cannot claim credit for any quarter worked by a parent in which the parent was receiving federal means-tested public benefits.
[^ 54] However, quarters cannot be counted more than once even if there are multiple circumstances that apply to make a quarter qualifying.
[^ 56] See 8 CFR 213a.2(a)(2)(i) and 8 CFR 213a.2(a)(2)(ii)(B). See Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-208 (PDF) (September 30, 1996).
[^ 57] For some of these categories, although the applicants are subject to public charge under INA 212(a)(4), the employers generally would not be a relative of the noncitizen or a for-profit entity and therefore the requirement for an affidavit of support under INA 212(a)(4)(D) is inapplicable.
[^ 58] A winner of the diversity visa lottery has no petitioner. Diversity visas are issued under INA 203(c) which do not fall under INA 212(a)(4)(C) or INA 212(a)(4)(D).
[^ 59] See INA 212(a)(4). This exemption also includes Afghan and Iraqi Interpreters who received a special immigrant visa by filing a petition under INA 203(b)(4).
[^ 61] See Section 13 of Pub. L. 85-316 (September 11, 1957), as amended by Pub. L. 97-116 (PDF) (December 29, 1981). See 8 CFR 245.3.
[^ 63] See INA 245A(b)(1)(C)(i) and INA 245A(a)(4)(A). See INA 245A(d)(2)(B)(iii) for the special rule for determination of public charge for these applicants. Certain aged, blind, or disabled persons as defined in Section 1614(a)(1) of the Social Security Act, codified at 42 U.S.C. 1382c(a)(1), may apply for a waiver of inadmissibility due to public charge. See INA 245A(d)(2)(B)(ii).
[^ 64] S nonimmigrants may file a waiver of the public charge ground of inadmissibility on Inter-Agency Alien Witness and Informant Record (Form I-854). See INA 245(j) and INA 101(a)(15)(S). See 8 CFR 214.2(t)(2) and 8 CFR 1245.11.
[^ 65] Includes the following categories: SD-6 (ministers), SD-7 (spouses of SD-6), SD-8 (children of SD-6), SR-6 (religious workers), SR-7 (spouses of SR-6), and SR-8 (children of SR-6).
[^ 66] See INA 101(a)(27)(D). See 22 CFR 42.32(d)(2). Includes the following categories: SE-6 (employees of U.S. government abroad, adjustments), SE-7 (spouses of SE-6), and SE-8 (children of SE-6). Note that this program does not have a specific sunset date and technically applicants could apply but should have already applied.
[^ 67] See INA 101(a)(27)(E), INA 101(a)(27)(F), and INA 101(a)(27)(G). See 22 CFR 42.32(d)(3). Includes the following categories: SF-6 (former employees of the Panama Canal Company or Canal Zone Government), SF-7 (spouses or children of SF-6), SG-6 (former U.S. government employees in the Panama Canal Zone), SG-7 (spouses or children of SG-6), SH-6 (former employees of the Panama Canal Company or Canal Zone Government, employed on April 1, 1979), and SH-7 (spouses or children of SH-6). Note that this program does not have a specific sunset date and technically applicants could apply but should have already applied.
[^ 68] See INA 101(a)(27)(H) and INA 203(b)(4). Includes the following categories: SJ-6 (foreign medical school graduate who was licensed to practice in the United States on Jan. 9, 1978) and SJ-7 (spouses or children of SJ-6). Note that this program does not have a specific sunset date and technically applicants could apply but should have already applied.
[^ 69] See INA 101(a)(27)(I) and INA 101(a)(27)(L). See 8 CFR 101.5. See 22 CFR 42.32(d)(5). See 22 CFR 41.24 and 22 CFR 41.25. Includes SN-6 (retired NATO-6 civilian employees), SN-7 (spouses of SN-6), SN-9 (certain surviving spouses of deceased NATO-6 civilian employees), and SN-8 (certain unmarried sons and daughters of SN-6).
[^ 70] See INA 101(a)(27)(K). Includes the following categories: SM-6 (U.S. armed forces personnel, service (12 years) after October 1, 1991), SM-9 (U.S. armed forces personnel, service (12 years) by October 1991), SM-7 (spouses of SM-1 or SM-6), SM-0 (spouses or children of SM-4 or SM-9), and SM-8 (children of SM-1 or SM-6).
[^ 71] See INA 101(a)(27)(M). See 8 CFR 204.13. Includes the following categories: BC-6 (broadcast (IBCG of BBG) employees), BC-7 (spouses of BC-1 or BC-6), and BC-8 (children of BC-6).
[^ 73] See Section 584 of Pub. L. 100-202 (PDF), 101 Stat. 1329, 1329-183 (December 22, 1987).
[^ 74] See Section 1059(a)(2) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006, Pub. L. 109-163 (PDF), 119 Stat. 3136, 3444 (January 6, 2006), as amended, and Section 602(b) of the Afghan Allies Protection Act of 2009, Title VI of Pub. L. 111-8 (PDF), 123 Stat. 524, 807 (March 11, 2009), as amended, and Section 1244(g) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, as amended, Pub. L. 110-181 (PDF), 122 Stat. 3, 396 (January 28, 2008).
[^ 75] See Section 202 of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA), Pub. L. 99-603 (PDF), 100 Stat. 3359, 3404 (November 6, 1986), as amended.
[^ 76] See Cuban Adjustment Act, Pub. L. 89-732 (PDF) (November 2, 1966), as amended.
[^ 77] See Sections 202(a) and 203 of Pub. L. 105-100 (PDF), 111 Stat. 2160, 2193 (November 19, 1997), as amended.
[^ 78] See Section 902 of Pub. L. 105-277 (PDF), 112 Stat. 2681, 2681-538 (October 21, 1998), as amended.
[^ 79] See Section 599E of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101-167 (PDF), 103 Stat. 1195, 1263 (November 21, 1989), as amended.
[^ 81] Registry is a section of immigration law that enables certain noncitizens who have been present in the United States since January 1, 1972 the ability to apply for lawful permanent residence even if currently in the United States unlawfully. See INA 249. See 8 CFR 249.
[^ 82] See INA 245(l). If the applicant is adjusting based on an employment-based petition where the petition is filed by either a qualifying relative, or an entity in which such relative has a significant ownership interest (5 percent or more), and the applicant, at both the time of filing and adjudication of the Form I–485, is still in valid T nonimmigrant status, the applicant is not subject to INA 212(a)(4) but is still required to file Form I–864. See 8 CFR 213a.2(b)(2).
[^ 83] See INA 101(a)(15)(U) and INA 212(a)(4)(E)(ii). See Section 804 of the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013, Pub. L. 113-4 (PDF) (March 7, 2013). If the applicant is adjusting based on an employment-based petition where the petition is filed by either a qualifying relative, or an entity in which such relative has a significant ownership interest (5 percent or more), and the applicant, at both the time of filing and adjudication of the Form I-485, is still in valid U nonimmigrant status, the applicant is not subject to INA 212(a)(4) but is still required to file Form I–864. See 8 CFR 213a.2(b)(2).
[^ 84] See Help Haitian Adoptees Immediately to Integrate Act of 2010 (Help HAITI Act), Pub. L. 111-293 (PDF) (December 9, 2010).
[^ 86] See INA 212(a)(4)(E)(iii). See Section 804 of the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013, Pub. L. 113-4 (PDF) (March 7, 2013). See Section 431(c) of Pub. L. 104-193 (PDF), 110 Stat. 2105, 2274 (August 22, 1996). See 8 U.S.C. 1641(c).
[^ 87] See Section 1703 of the National Defense Authorization Act, Pub. L. 108-136 (PDF), 117 Stat. 1392, 1693 (November 24, 2003) (posthumous benefits to surviving spouses, children, and parents).
[^ 89] See Section 586 of Pub. L. 106-429 (PDF), 114 Stat. 1900, 1900A-57 (November 6, 2000) under 8 CFR 245.21.
[^ 90] Includes certain Polish and Hungarian parolees who were paroled into the United States from November 1, 1989 to December 31, 1991. See Section 646(b) of IIRIRA, Division C of Pub. L. 104-208 (PDF), 110 Stat. 3009-546, 3009-709 (September 30, 1996).
[^ 91] See Section 7611 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020, Pub. L. 116-92 (PDF), 113 Stat. 1198, 2309 (December 20, 2019) (Liberian Refugee Immigration Fairness), later extended by Section 901 of Division O, Title IX of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021, Pub. L. 116-260 (PDF), 134 Stat. 1182, 2155 (December 27, 2020) (Adjustment of Status for Liberian Nationals Extension).
[^ 94] See INA 213A(a)(1)(A). A sponsor who is on active duty (other than active duty for training) in the U.S. armed forces and who is petitioning for a spouse or child only has to demonstrate the means to maintain an annual income equal to at least 100 percent of the FPG. See 8 CFR 213a.2(c)(2).
[^ 95] A “sponsored immigrant” means any noncitizen “who was an intending immigrant, once that person has been lawfully admitted for permanent residence, so that the affidavit of support filed for that person under this part has entered into force.” See 8 CFR 213a.1.
[^ 96] See Erler v. Erler, 824 F.3d 1173 (9th Cir. 2016). See Belevich v. Thomas, 17 F.4th 1048 (11th Cir. 2021). See Wenfang Liu v. Mund, 686 F.3d 418 (7th Cir. 2012).
[^ 98] See Section 564(f) of IIRIRA, Division C of Pub. L. 104-208 (PDF), 110 Stat. 3009-546, 3009-684 (September 30, 1996). Under INA 291, the sponsor’s income and resources, as well as the income and resources of the sponsor’s spouse, is counted as the sponsored immigrant’s income for the purposes of determining eligibility for any federal means-tested public benefits.